On the Necessity of Rationalism

In the process of considering the various means of exculpation, a relativistic construct of reality assumes that the equity and hence the cogency of a description may only be assessed in relation to the perspective of the school which holds a picky belief. In this sense, truth is pendant upon the internal cohesion of beliefs within a system of thought. In his The Last Word, Nagel claims that much(prenominal) is non the case. He argues that the truth and hence the validity of statements are dependent upon an fumbling notion of tenability.He claims that the truth of a statement is independent upon either particular perspective. If such is the case, it follows that the truth of any statement is independent from the schema truth schema presented by any system of thought. In relation to scientific claims, it thereby follows that the truth of scientific claims ought to be assessed through the unqualified notion of reason as opposed to merely their internal coherence within t he scientific conceit of reality scientific framework.The aforementioned consideration is based upon the critique of the intrinsic limits to subjectivist doubtfulness since challenges to the independent validity of reason must themselves assume the independent validity of reason. Any description of reason deriving from let onside the mind raft itself be explained only from inside the mind, as having its own independent validity. In the case of scientific experience, he argues that it is mistaken to assume that the scientific crystallise has freed itself from the limits of the Cartesian difficulty through the replacement of judgments approximately rules of practice from design judgments.Nagel argues that if science will continually adhere to a subjectivistic and hence relativistic framework, the discipline will fail to provide an objective business relationship of reality. He claims, the general aim of such reasoning scientific reasoning is to make sense of the military personnel in which we find ourselves and how it appears to us and otherwises (81). If such is the case, it is necessary to conceive of the conception of the world which is not based upon an a priori conception of reality dependent upon a preconceived and limited conception of the word. According to Nagel, such an discover is not provided by science.The reasons for this lies in the subjectivism of science (Nagel 84). Subjectivism within science scientific methods is ostensible if one considers that the scientific demand for order dealnot itself be rationally reassert nor does it correspond to a self- distinct necessity (Nagel 84). He notes that scientific subjectivism can only end if it adheres to rational means of companionship acquisition. It is only through the defense of rationalism that an objectivist account of evidence is possible.Nagel further argues that the appeal of subjectivism arises out of a certain step-downist impulse in modern translation as this reductionis t impulse enables the explanation of things to hinge on their reduction to local and finite terms thereby ensuring subjectivist conclusions. Although this enables the assurance against rationalist explanations that correct to make reason into just aboutthing irrational or that conceive of reason as a capacity for grasping the universal and infinite principle, the reductionist explanation is in itself dependent on an irreducibly nonlocal and objective understanding of reason. Nagel argues that doubt about reason presupposes reasons independent validity hence reasons independent validity cannot be coherently doubted.He rightly argues that to object to reason on the grounds we cannot strictly explain it in representational terms is to misunderstand the irreducible nature of the concept since reason cannot be so explained without losing its meaning or validity and that, as such, it is justified in a different way, by showing it to be necessary to unambiguous thought and action. Scie nce thereby must opt for a rationalistic as opposed to a subjectivistic account of reality for it to maintain its harbor as a discipline.Work CitedNagel, Thomas. The Last Word. New York Oxford University Press, 1997.Essay Number TwoEdmund Gettiers Counter wrinkle Against thePlatonic three-party Account of Propositional KnowledgeThe Platonic tripartite definition of propositional and fallibilist knowledge found in the last section of the Theaetetus states that knowledge of P occurs when an epistemic agent S knows that P if and only if (1) P is dead on target, (2) S believes that P, and (3) S is justified in believe that P (90). A well-known opposition to such an account of propositional knowledge questions the sufficiency of the aforementioned conditions.It is argued that although the aforementioned conditions are necessary in the definition of propositional knowledge such conditions are insufficient due to their hardship to ensure S against conditions wherein knowledge of P occu rs as a dissolvent of mere epistemic luck (Gettier 123). This critique is best known as the Gettier type counter examples towards the tripartite definition of propositional knowledge mentioned above.A logical problem is posited by the Gettier type counter examples. This logical problem is evident in the lack of successful coordination between the truth of P and the reasons that justify S in holding P. Floridi notes that Gettier type counter examples arise because the truth and the justification of P happen to be not only independent precisely also opaquely unrelated that they happen to fail to converge or agree on the same propositional content Pwithout S realizing it (64). In order to understand this, it is important to lay down the main assumptions of Gettiers counter argument that seeks to explicate the aforementioned logical problem.Gettiers argument against the tripartite account of propositional knowledge, which involves the conception of knowledge as justified true belief a rose as a result of the following claim knowledge propositional knowledge does not merely involve justified true belief. Such a claim is based upon the following assumptions. First, there are instances wherein the warrant is not a sufficient condition for a belief in P. This is evident if one considers that instances of belief and knowledge of P are in some respects epistemically different other than in terms of truth from belief of P without knowledge of P. Second, there are instances wherein warrant is fallible.This is due to the insufficiency of truth and justification as warrants for knowledge. The evidence of such, according to Gettier is apparent if one considers that it is possible for P to be false even if S believes that P possesses epistemically significant properties such that whenever a belief possesses such properties and is true the belief may thereby qualify as knowledge. Lastly, there is the closure of knowledge under patent and known entailments. The last assumptio n argues that if S is justified in believing P and a deductively valid inference is drawn from P to some other belief Q then S is justified in believing Q. This is a result of the entailment of Q from P.From what was stated above, it is possible to present the usual orchestrate of Gettiers attack against the tripartite account of knowledge. Gettiers counter argument is based upon the critique of warrant, fallibility, and closure. Note that combination of the three claims mentioned above leads to a contradiction. From what was mentioned above it follows that it is possible to believe in an obvious deductive core of P, which is Q, while in the process retaining the epistemically significant properties of the belief in P.If such is the case, it is possible to have a justified true belief of any property which has led S to have a belief in Q or any other type of belief which has Qs epistemic characteristics. Note that this contradicts the assumed necessity that P and Q differ from ea ch other since one qualifies as knowledge S believes and has knowledge of P whereas Q merely qualifies as a belief S believes but does not have knowledge of Q.Works CitedFloridi, L. On the rational Unsolvability of the Gettier Problem. Synthese 142(2004) 61-79.Gettier, E. Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? Analysis 23(1963) 121-23.Plato. Theaetetus. Trans. M.J. Levett. Indiana Hackett print Co., 1992.